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What does the research currently support?

The research on IHHT:
Mechanisms, clinical evidence and practical interpretation

Intermittent hypoxia–hyperoxia training (IHHT) is an emerging intervention in which brief exposure to reduced oxygen are alternated with hyperoxic recovery periods under controlled conditions.

 

Research interest in IHHT has grown across sports science, cardiometabolic medicine, rehabilitation and healthy ageing because this pattern of oxygen variability may stimulate adaptive responses in mitochondrial function, vascular regulation and systemic resilience. At the same time, the literature remains relatively small and methodologically heterogeneous, so findings need to be interpreted with appropriate caution.

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Across published reviews, IHHT has been described as a promising non-pharmacological adjunct, with reported benefits in some populations for peak oxygen consumption, blood pressure, exercise tolerance, glucose-related measures and selected functional outcomes.

 

However, responses vary by population, protocol, dose, and outcome measure, and several authors note the need for larger, better-standardised trials before strong conclusions can be made.

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Below is research for medical conditions. 

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General health
and resilience

Adaptive hypoxic conditioning does not only act on individual cells; it also influences how the heart, blood vessels, metabolism and brain respond to everyday demands. When the dose and pattern are carefully controlled, it can help support more efficient cardiovascular regulation, better metabolic flexibility, improved energy and improved stress resilience. Zhang Q, Zhao W, et al. Intermittent Hypoxia Conditioning: A Potential Multi-Organ Protective Therapeutic Strategy. Int J Med Sci. 2023;20(12):1551–1561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37859700/ Burtscher J, Citherlet T, et al. Mechanisms Underlying the Health Benefits of Intermittent Hypoxia Conditioning. J Physiol. 2024;602(21):5757–5783. (Published online Oct 2023.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37860950/ Hadanny A & Efrati S. The Hyperoxic-Hypoxic Paradox. Biomolecules. 2020;10(6):958. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32630465/ (Hadanny and Efrati 2020, Burtscher, Citherlet et al. 2023, Zhang, Zhao et al. 2023)

Cardiovascular health and
blood pressure

Carefully dosed “hypoxic conditioning” can, over time, help the cardiovascular system respond more efficiently and is associated with reductions in resting heart rate and blood pressure in people with cardiovascular disease. Protocols designed to achieve hypoxic conditioning can promote adaptations similar to endurance training, such as improved blood pressure control and preservation of healthy vagal tone. This makes IHHT a candidate for supporting cardiovascular rehabilitation when used alongside standard approaches like diet, exercise and stress reduction. Dudnik E, Zagaynaya E, et al. — Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Conditioning and Hemodynamic and Autonomic Response. Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease. 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30251879/ Lyamina NP, Lyamina SV, et al. — Normobaric Hypoxia Conditioning Reduces Blood Pressure and Normalises Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Patients with Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2011. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21897291/ Glazachev O, Susta D, et al. — Aerobic and Anaerobic Adaptations to Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Training in Recreational Athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28323322/ Lyamina NP, Lyamina SV, et al. — Normobaric Hypoxia Conditioning Reduces Blood Pressure and Normalises Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Patients with Arterial Hypertension. Ter Arkh. 2011;83(9):16–19 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21897291/ Coronary artery disease / cardiac rehabilitation: Glazachev O, Kopylov P, Susta D, Dudnik E, Zagaynaya E. — Adaptations Following an Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Training in Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Controlled Study. Clin Cardiol. 2017;40(6):370–376. — PubMed Glazachev OS, Kryzhanovskaya SY, Zapara MA, Dudnik EN, et al. — Safety and Efficacy of Intermittent Hypoxia Conditioning as a New Rehabilitation/Secondary Prevention Strategy for Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2021;17(6):e051121193317. — PubMed Lipid profile & metabolic syndrome: Bestavashvili A (Afina), Glazachev O, et al. — The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic–Hyperoxic Exposures on Lipid Profile and Inflammation in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021. — Full text Bestavashvili A, Glazachev O, et al. — Intermittent Hypoxic-Hyperoxic Exposures Effects in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: Correction of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Profile. Biomedicines. 2022;10(3):566. — Full text Yuan, Liu et al. 2022 (stroke/ischemic — note for you to check placement): Yuan H, Liu J, Gu Y, Ji X, Nan G. — Intermittent Hypoxia Conditioning as a Potential Prevention and Treatment Strategy for Ischemic Stroke: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:1067411. — Full text POTS / Autonomic dysregulation: Soltesz AE, Zhao F, Wecht JM, Mateika JH, Panza GS. — Mild Intermittent Hypoxia May Improve Autonomic Dysfunction in Persons Living with Spinal Cord Injury: A Preliminary Snapshot. Front Neurosci. 2025;19:1600772 Read Studies- (Dudnik, Zagaynaya et al. 2018), (Lyamina, Lyamina et al. 2011, Glazachev, Susta et al. 2018, Lyamina, Spirina et al. 2022, Yuan, Liu et al. 2022) (Afina, Oleg et al. 2021, Bestavashvili, Glazachev et al. 2023)

Brain health
and cognitive resilience

The brain has very high energy needs and is sensitive to oxidative stress. Carefully dosed intermittent hypoxia may help activate protective pathways that support brain resilience, cognitive function and healthier responses to mental stress. When the brain is injured — whether by stroke, trauma, or the slow progression of neurodegeneration — standard medical treatments frequently leave a significant gap in recovery. Emerging evidence identifies hypoxic conditioning as one of the strongest available strategies to trigger the brain's own protective and repair systems, offering new hope for preventing and reversing these conditions. Wang, Y., C. Reis, R. Applegate, 2nd, G. Stier, R. Martin and J. H. Zhang (2015). "Ischemic conditioning-induced endogenous brain protection: Applications pre-, per- or post-stroke." Exp Neurol 272: 26-40. Baillieul, S., S. Chacaroun, S. Doutreleau, O. Detante, J. L. Pépin and S. Verges (2017). "Hypoxic conditioning and the central nervous system: A new therapeutic opportunity for brain and spinal cord injuries?" Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 242(11): 1198-1206 (Wang, Reis et al. 2015, Baillieul, Chacaroun et al. 2017).

Metabolism and
weight
regulation

Managing blood sugar and body weight can feel like an uphill battle, especially when lifestyle changes alone aren't enough. Hypoxia affects how the body uses fuels such as glucose and fat and how it regulates appetite. In the right dose – especially when combined with exercise – hypoxic conditioning may support better metabolic flexibility, weight management and blood sugar control. Fuller NR & Courtney R. — A Case of Remission from Pre-Diabetes Following Intermittent Hypoxic Training. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2016. — ScienceDirect (Case study documenting reversal of pre-diabetes markers and increased weight loss following a structured IHT program — co-authored by our own clinician.) Lizotte E, et al. — Short Bouts of Hypoxia Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. J Appl Physiol. 2025;138(4):873–880. — PubMed (RCT showing acute IH improved insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes, with no effect in healthy controls — suggesting a targeted benefit where it is most needed.) Guo J, Zhang N, Chen J, Liu X. — Comprehensive Impact of Intermittent Hypoxia Training and Intermittent Fasting on Metabolic and Cognitive Health in Adults with Obesity: An Umbrella Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2025. — Full text (Meta-analysis of 28 studies, 2,134 participants — combined IHT and intermittent fasting associated with mean weight loss of 6.3 kg over ~12 weeks, plus improvements in insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles.) van Meijel RLJ, Meex RCR, et al. — Mild Intermittent Hypoxia Exposure Induces Metabolic and Molecular Adaptations in Men with Obesity. Mol Metab. 2021;53:101287. — Full text (First human study showing 7 days of mild IH shifts metabolism and induces adaptations in fat and muscle tissue in overweight men .)

Stress Tolerance

and Autonomic Nervous System Recovery

Chronic stress, fatigue, and poor sleep often reflect not just an overactive stress response, but also an under-active recovery system — the body has lost its ability to fully shift into rest, repair, and recharge mode. Research suggests that structured IHHT sessions restores a healthier balance between the body's stress and recovery systems, with early clinical studies reporting positive changes in perceived fatigue, mood, and mental clarity in some individuals. Burtscher J, Niedermeier M, Hüfner K, et al. — The Interplay of Hypoxic and Mental Stress: Implications for Anxiety and Depressive Disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;138:104718. — PubMed (Reviews the shared molecular pathways through which hypoxia adaptation builds resilience to psychological stress — key mechanistic support for the cross-adaptation principle.) Zhang Q, Fu Y, et al. — Intermittent Hypoxia Conditioning: A Potential Multi-Organ Protective Therapeutic Strategy. Int J Med Sci. 2023;20(12):1551–1561. — Full text (Reviews beneficial whole-body adaptive responses to controlled IH, including autonomic, metabolic, and neurological systems.) Burtscher J, et al. — Healthy Aging at Moderate Altitudes: Hypoxia and Hormesis. Gerontology. 2024;70(11):1152–1160. — PubMed (Reviews evidence that mild, controlled hypoxic stress — like that used in IHHT — activates hormetic pathways that protect against ageing and disease, while excessive hypoxia is harmful.) . Read studies- (Zhang, Fu et al. 2023), (Burtscher, Mallet et al. 2021, Burtscher, Niedermeier et al. 2022)

Energy and Metabolism

Many people living with chronic fatigue, metabolic conditions, or unexplained low energy may have underlying changes in how their cells produce power. Research suggests that controlled intermittent hypoxia–hyperoxia sessions can act as a gentle signal to help cells work more efficiently — supporting the tiny energy-producing structures inside them (mitochondria) and improving how the body handles fuel, particularly when combined with good nutrition and movement. Jain IH, Zazzeron L, Goli R, et al. (Mootha VK lab, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard) — Hypoxia as a Therapy for Mitochondrial Disease. Science. 2016;352(6281):54–61. — PubMed (Landmark study showing controlled hypoxia can suppress mitochondrial dysfunction and reverse neurological disease in animal models.) Mootha VK & Chinnery PF. — Oxygen in mitochondrial disease: can there be too much of a good thing? J Inherit Metab Dis. 2018;41(5):761–763. — PubMed search (Discusses how hypoxia may paradoxically protect mitochondrial function — the scientific rationale behind this research area.) Bestavashvili, A., et al. (2021). The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic–Hyperoxic Exposures on Lipid Profile and Inflammation in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8429814/ (A clinical trial in patients with metabolic syndrome found that 15 sessions of IHHT produced significant improvements in cholesterol, triglycerides, inflammatory markers, waist circumference, and liver enzymes — without any changes to diet or exercise) Uzun, M., et al. (2023). Effectiveness of Intermittent Hypoxia–Hyperoxia Therapy in Different Clinical Populations. Frontiers in Medicine. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9961389/ A systematic review across multiple clinical populations confirmed that IHHT reliably triggers beneficial cellular adaptations — including mitochondrial renewal, improved oxygen delivery, and reduced inflammation — through well-established molecular pathways, with meaningful outcomes across cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological conditions) Grillo, E., Pinson, A., et al. (2021). Hypoxic training upregulates mitochondrial turnover and myoglobin expression. Life Sciences. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320521003258 (Hypoxic training was shown to upregulate mitochondrial turnover and increase myoglobin expression in muscle tissue, demonstrating that controlled oxygen reduction stimulates the body to clear out ageing mitochondria and build more efficient replacements.) van Meijel RLJ, Meex RCR, Grillo MJ, Pinson A, et al. — Mild Intermittent Hypoxia Exposure Induces Metabolic and Molecular Adaptations in Men with Obesity. Mol Metab. 2021;53:101287. — Full text (First human study showing 7 days of mild IH shifts metabolism and induces adaptations in fat and muscle tissue in overweight men.) (Jain, Zazzeron et al. 2016, Mootha and Chinnery 2018, Grillo, Pinson et al. 2021)

Inflammation
and
antioxidants

Persistent, low-level inflammation quietly underlies many of the conditions that affect quality of life — from fatigue and pain to metabolic and cognitive health. Research into IHHT points to promising effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, and its benefits appear greatest when combined with the foundations of good health: n ourishing food, regular movement, restorative sleep, and good medical support . Serebrovska, Z.O., Xi, L., et al. (2022). Response of Circulating Inflammatory Markers to Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Training in Healthy Elderly People and Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Life, 12(3), 432. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8953753/ IHHT upregulated specific adaptive inflammatory markers and improved cognitive function in healthy older adults and those with early signs of cognitive decline. Bestavashvili, A., Glazachev, O., et al. (2023). Impact of Hypoxia–Hyperoxia Exposures on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and TMAO Levels in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(19), 14498. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10572339/ A clinical trial in metabolic syndrome patients found that IHHT significantly reduced inflammatory and cardiometabolic risk markers, including TMAO — a gut-derived compound linked to cardiovascular inflammation. Ladriñán-Maestro, A., Sánchez-Sierra, A., et al. (2026). Effects of a 6-Week Intermittent Hypoxia–Hyperoxia Exposure Program on Blood Pressure, Respiratory Function, Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Activity and CRP Levels in Older Adults: A Randomised Clinical Trial. Sports, 14(1), 42. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12846263/ Six weeks of IHHT produced significant reductions in C-reactive protein (CRP) — a key marker of systemic inflammation — alongside improvements in respiratory strength and autonomic nervous system function. Read Studies (Serebrovska, Xi et al. 2022, Bestavashvili, Glazachev et al. 2023, Ladriñán-Maestro, Sánchez-Sierra et al. 2026)

ME, CFS and
Long COVID

For people living with ME/CFS or Long COVID, even simple daily activities can be challenging — and recovery often feels out of reach. These conditions share features including poor cellular energy production, nervous system dysregulation, and persistent inflammation, which may all be relevant targets for IHHT. Previous sections have described how IHHT can have positive influences on all of these aspects of CFS. Reduced blood flow due to antoantibodies that target blood vessels may also be helped by IHHT. Early clinical research is showing meaningful improvements in energy, breathing, and quality of life, and a dedicated clinical trial in ME/CFS is currently underway. Doehner W, Fischer A, Alimi B, Muhar J, Springer J, Altmann C, Schueller PO. — Intermittent Hypoxic–Hyperoxic Training During Inpatient Rehabilitation Improves Exercise Capacity and Functional Outcome in Patients With Long COVID: Results of a Controlled Clinical Pilot Trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024;15(6):2781–2791. — PubMed Full text (145 patients; IHHT group improved 6-minute walking distance 2.8× more than standard care, stair-climbing power 3.7× more, with significant reductions in fatigue and improvements in quality of life. No adverse events.) Guo Y, et al. — Short-Term Intermittent Hypoxia Exposure for Dyspnoea and Fatigue in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19: A Randomised Controlled Study. Respir Med. 2024;232:107763. — PubMed (RCT; 95 patients. IHE significantly improved lung function, 6-minute walk distance, and fatigue and breathlessness scores compared to controls, with greater benefit from 10+ days of treatment. No serious adverse events.) Scheibenbogen C, et al. — A Unifying Hypothesis of the Pathophysiology of ME/CFS: Recognitions from the Finding of Autoantibodies Against ß2-Adrenergic Receptors. eJHaem. 2020. — PubMed (Provides the mechanistic rationale for why IHHT may help ME/CFS — autoantibody-driven vascular dysfunction leads to tissue hypoperfusion and cellular hypoxia, which therapeutic IH may help address.) REenergizeME Trial (NCT07317401) — Investigating the Effects of IHHT in People With Post-Viral ME/CFS to Improve Fatigue, Pain, and Quality of Life. Aarhus University, Denmark. Currently recruiting (87 patients; placebo-controlled RCT). — ClinicalTrials.gov (The first dedicated placebo-controlled RCT of IHHT specifically in ME/CFS — results expected 2029.) (Doehner, Fischer et al. 2024)

Breathing
Issues

At carefully controlled low doses, intermittent hypoxia appears to improve breathing strength and airway function in ways that standard treatments often cannot achieve alone. Research suggests meaningful benefits for people living with asthma, moderate COPD, spinal cord injury, and other conditions that affect breathing and movement, offering a promising and well-tolerated complementary approach. Nichols, N.L., Gowing, G., Satriotomo, I., et al. (2013). Intermittent hypoxia and stem cell implants preserve breathing capacity in a rodent model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 187(5), 535–542. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23220913/ Intermittent hypoxia helped preserve respiratory muscle function in an ALS model, and showed additive benefits when combined with cell therapy — supporting its role as part of a broader therapeutic strategy for conditions affecting breathing. Dale, E.A., Ben Mabrouk, F., & Mitchell, G.S. (2014). Unexpected benefits of intermittent hypoxia: enhanced respiratory and nonrespiratory motor function. Physiology (Bethesda), 29(1), 39–48. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24382870/ A landmark review demonstrating that low-dose intermittent hypoxia reliably strengthens breathing muscle contractions across multiple respiratory outputs — establishing the mechanistic foundation for its therapeutic use in breathing conditions. Burtscher, M., et al. (2009). Intermittent hypoxia increases exercise tolerance in patients at risk for or with mild COPD. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 165(1), 97–103. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19013544/ A double-blind clinical trial found that 15 sessions of intermittent hypoxia significantly improved exercise tolerance and time to anaerobic threshold in people with mild COPD — meaningful gains for those whose breathlessness limits everyday activity. Sales de Campos, P., Olsen, W.L., Wymer, J.P., & Smith, B.K. (2023). Respiratory therapies for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A state of the art review. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37219417/ A comprehensive clinical review identifying therapeutic intermittent hypoxia as an emerging tool for inducing respiratory plasticity and preserving breathing function in people with progressive neuromuscular conditions. Ladriñán-Maestro, A., Sánchez-Sierra, A., et al. (2026). Effects of a 6-Week Intermittent Hypoxia–Hyperoxia Exposure Program on Blood Pressure, Respiratory Function, Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Activity and CRP Levels in Older Adults: A Randomised Clinical Trial. Sports, 14(1), 42. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12846263/ A randomised controlled trial confirming that six weeks of IHHT significantly improved respiratory muscle strength and autonomic nervous system balance in older adults compared to placebo. Read Studies (Nichols, Gowing et al. 2013, Dale, Ben Mabrouk et al. 2014, Sales de Campos, Olsen et al. 2023)

Further References

 

  • Afina, A. B., S. G. Oleg, A. B. Alexander, D. Ines, S. Alexander Yu, V. V. Nikita, S. T. Denis, G. G. Daria, Y. Zhang and S. P. Chavdar (2021). "The effects of intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic exposures on lipid profile and inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome." Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine 8: 700826.

  • Baillieul, S., S. Chacaroun, S. Doutreleau, O. Detante, J. L. Pépin and S. Verges (2017). "Hypoxic conditioning and the central nervous system: A new therapeutic opportunity for brain and spinal cord injuries?" Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 242(11): 1198-1206.

  • Bestavashvili, A., O. Glazachev, S. Ibragimova, A. Suvorov, A. Bestavasvili, S. Ibraimov, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, C. Pavlov and E. Syrkina (2023). "Impact of Hypoxia–Hyperoxia Exposures on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and TMAO Levels in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(19): 14498.

  • Burtscher, J., T. Citherlet, A. Camacho‐Cardenosa, M. Camacho‐Cardenosa, A. Raberin, B. Krumm, E. Hohenauer, M. Egg, M. Lichtblau and J. Müller (2023). "Mechanisms underlying the health benefits of intermittent hypoxia conditioning." The Journal of physiology.

  • Burtscher, J., R. T. Mallet, M. Burtscher and G. P. Millet (2021). "Hypoxia and brain aging: Neurodegeneration or neuroprotection?" Ageing research reviews 68: 101343.

  • Burtscher, J., M. Niedermeier, K. Hüfner, E. van den Burg, M. Kopp, R. Stoop, M. Burtscher, H. Gatterer and G. P. Millet (2022). "The interplay of hypoxic and mental stress: Implications for anxiety and depressive disorders." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 138: 104718.

  • Dale, E. A., F. Ben Mabrouk and G. S. Mitchell (2014). "Unexpected benefits of intermittent hypoxia: enhanced respiratory and nonrespiratory motor function." Physiology (Bethesda) 29(1): 39-48.

  • Doehner, W., A. Fischer, B. Alimi, J. Muhar, J. Springer, C. Altmann and P. O. Schueller (2024). "Intermittent Hypoxic–Hyperoxic Training During Inpatient Rehabilitation Improves Exercise Capacity and Functional Outcome in Patients With Long Covid: Results of a Controlled Clinical Pilot Trial." Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.

  • Dudnik, E., E. Zagaynaya, O. S. Glazachev and D. Susta (2018). "Intermittent hypoxia–hyperoxia conditioning improves cardiorespiratory fitness in older comorbid cardiac outpatients without hematological changes: a randomized controlled trial." High Altitude Medicine & Biology 19(4): 339-343.

  • Glazachev, O., D. Susta, E. Dudnik and E. Zagaynaya (2018). "Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Exposures Improve Cardiometabolic Profile, Exercise Tolerance and Quality of Life: A Preliminary Study in Cardiac Patients." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 9(1).

  • Grillo, W. C., J. Pinson and B. K. Tangen (2021). "Mitigating Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Insulin Resistant Phenotype: A Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Hypoxia."

  • Hadanny, A. and S. Efrati (2020). "The hyperoxic-hypoxic paradox." Biomolecules 10(6): 958.

  • Jain, I. H., L. Zazzeron, R. Goli, K. Alexa, S. Schatzman-Bone, H. Dhillon, O. Goldberger, J. Peng, O. Shalem and N. E. Sanjana (2016). "Hypoxia as a therapy for mitochondrial disease." Science 352(6281): 54-61.

  • Ladriñán-Maestro, A., A. Sánchez-Sierra, M. Herrera-Gómez-Platero and J. Sánchez-Infante (2026). "Effects of a 6-Week Intermittent Hypoxia–Hyperoxia Exposure Program on Blood Pressure, Respiratory Function, Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Activity and CRP Levels in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Sports 14(1): 42.

  • Lyamina, N. P., S. V. Lyamina, V. N. Senchiknin , R. T. Mallet, H. F. Downey and E. B. Manukhina (2011). "Normobaric hypoxia conditioning reduces blood pressure and normalizes nitric oxide synthesis in patients with arterial hypertension. ." J Hypertens 29 29: 2265-2272.

  • Lyamina, N. P., G. Spirina and O. S. Glazachev (2022). "Hypoxic Conditioning in Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention

  • Programs in Cardiac Patients with Multimorbidity: a Review." Review article / Обзорная статья

  • УДК: 616-03+616-008.3/5

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2022-21-5-78-86 ВЕСТНИК ВОССТАНОВИТЕЛЬНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ ТОМ 21, № 5-2022 •.

  • Mootha, V. K. and P. F. Chinnery (2018). "Oxygen in mitochondrial disease: can there be too much of a good thing?" Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 41: 761-763.

  • Nichols, N. L., G. Gowing, I. Satriotomo, L. J. Nashold, E. A. Dale, M. Suzuki, P. Avalos, P. L. Mulcrone, J. McHugh and C. N. Svendsen (2013). "Intermittent hypoxia and stem cell implants preserve breathing capacity in a rodent model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 187(5): 535-542.

  • Sales de Campos, P., W. L. Olsen, J. P. Wymer and B. K. Smith (2023). "Respiratory therapies for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A state of the art review." Chron Respir Dis 20: 14799731231175915.

  • Serebrovska, Z. O., L. Xi, L. V. Tumanovska, A. M. Shysh, S. V. Goncharov, M. Khetsuriani, T. O. Kozak, D. A. Pashevin, V. E. Dosenko and S. V. Virko (2022). "Response of circulating inflammatory markers to intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia training in healthy elderly people and patients with mild cognitive impairment." Life 12(3): 432.

  • Wang, Y., C. Reis, R. Applegate, 2nd, G. Stier, R. Martin and J. H. Zhang (2015). "Ischemic conditioning-induced endogenous brain protection: Applications pre-, per- or post-stroke." Exp Neurol 272: 26-40.

  • Yuan, H., J. Liu, Y. Gu, X. Ji and G. Nan (2022). "Intermittent hypoxia conditioning as a potential prevention and treatment strategy for ischemic stroke: Current evidence and future directions." Frontiers in Neuroscience 16: 1067411.

  • Zhang, Q., W. Zhao, S. Li, Y. Ding, Y. Wang and X. Ji (2023). "Intermittent Hypoxia Conditioning: A Potential Multi-Organ Protective Therapeutic Strategy." International Journal of Medical Sciences 20(12): 1551.

  • Zhang, S., W. Fu, X. Jia, R. Bade, X. Liu, Y. Xie, W. Xie, S. Jiang and G. Shao (2023). "Hypoxic Preconditioning Modulates BDNF and Its Signaling through DNA Methylation to Promote Learning and Memory in Mice." ACS Chem Neurosci 14(12): 2320-2332.

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